Most people think of privilege escalation as a way to gain access to systems or data that they wouldn’t normally be able to. However, privilege escalation is much more than that. It’s a process of obtaining and using higher levels of privileges than the user currently has. This can be done for a number of reasons, including to bypass security controls, to gain access to sensitive data, or to gain access to systems that are normally off-limits.

What is root?

A root is the part of a plant that typically lies beneath the surface of the soil. The primary functions of roots are to anchor the plant and to absorb water and minerals from the soil. In some plants, the root system is also responsible for storing food reserves.

Roots are typically classified as either taproots or fibrous roots. Taproots are characterized by a single, thick primary root that extends straight down into the soil. Fibrous roots, on the other hand, have many thin, branching roots that spread out through the soil.

Most plants have both taproots and fibrous roots. The taproot typically grows deeper into the soil than the fibrous roots and is responsible for anchoring the plant. The fibrous roots, meanwhile, are generally shallower and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil.

What is SUDO?

SUDO is a short term for “superuser do”. It is a program that enables a user to execute commands with the privileges of another user, by default the superuser.

SUDO allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified in the sudoers(5) file. The real and effective uids and gids are set to match those of the target user as specified in sudoers(5). When multiple sudoers entries match for a user, they are applied in order of specificity. sudoers(5) is designed to be human readable and editable. The sudoers policy is highly customizable and flexible in order to support most configurations. sudoers can be configured to require a password, require no password, or use a custom authentication program.

What is a kernel?

A kernel is the central part of an operating system that manages memory, processes, and access to devices. It is responsible for managing system resources and providing the interface between applications and hardware. A kernel is a fundamental part of an operating system, and it is essential for a system to function.

What is a process?

A process is a set of activities that are carried out in a certain order to achieve a specific goal. Processes are often depicted as a flowchart, showing the sequence of activities and decision points.

Processes are everywhere in business and manufacturing. In fact, any time there is a set of activities that need to be carried out in a certain order to achieve a specific goal, there is a process. Some examples of processes include:

-Assembling a product
-Filling out an online form
-Processing an order
-Applying for a loan
-Building a house

What is a system call?

In computing, a system call is a software interrupt that is used to request a service from an operating system kernel. This may include requesting a service from a device driver, or requesting memory management.

What are file permissions?

File permissions are the mechanisms in an operating system that control how files and directories can be accessed by users. Each file has an owner, and a group associated with it. The owner has certain permissions, as does the group. Other users have their own permissions.

The most common permissions are:

Read – allows a user to read the contents of a file
Write – allows a user to write to a file
Execute – allows a user to execute a file as a program

There are also special permissions, such as setuid and setgid, which allow a program to run with the permissions of the owner or group, respectively.

The permissions on a file can be changed using the chmod command.

What are groups?

A group is a collection of individuals who have come together to achieve a common goal. The members of a group typically interact with each other on a regular basis and share a common identity. Groups can be formed for a variety of purposes, including work, socializing, and learning.

Groups can be categorized in a number of ways, including their purpose, structure, and membership. For example, groups can be either formal or informal, and they can be either task-oriented or relationship-oriented. Formal groups are typically established by an organization and have a specific purpose or goal. Informal groups, on the other hand, are typically formed spontaneously and do not have a specific purpose. Task-oriented groups are focused on completing a specific task or goals, while relationship-oriented groups are focused on maintaining social relationships.

How do I become root?

There are a few different ways that you can become the root user on a Linux system. One way is to use the su command. This will allow you to temporarily become the root user. Once you have finished using the root user, you can type exit to return to your normal user.

Another way to become the root user is to use the sudo command. This will allow you to run a specific command as the root user. You will need to type your password before the command will be executed.

If you want to permanently become the root user, you can use the sudo passwd command. This will change your user account to the root account. Please be aware that this is a very powerful account and should be used with caution.

How do I use SUDO?

Sudo is a program that allows you to execute commands as another user. By default, sudo will run the commands as the superuser (root).

To use sudo, simply type sudo followed by the command you want to run. For example, to run the ls command as the superuser, you would type:

sudo ls

If you need to enter a password, sudo will prompt you for the password of the user you are currently logged in as. Once you enter the password, sudo will execute the command.

Keep in mind that sudo is a powerful tool and should be used with caution. Incorrect use of sudo can potentially damage your system.

How do I change file permissions?

File permissions can be changed in a number of ways, but the most common is through the use of the chmod command. This command stands for “change mode” and allows you to change the permissions of a file. The chmod command takes two arguments: the first is the file whose permissions you wish to change, and the second is the permission you wish to set.

For example, let’s say we have a file called “test.txt” that we want to make readable and writable by everyone. We would use the following command:

chmod a+rw test.txt

This would add the “read” (r) and “write” (w) permissions to the file for everyone (the “a” stands for “all”).

If we wanted to make the file readable by everyone but only writable by the owner, we would use this command:

chmod o+w test.txt

This would add the “write” permission to the file for the owner (the “o” stands for “owner”), but not for anyone else.

There are a number of different ways to set file permissions, and you can learn more about them by reading the chmod man page (type “man chmod” at the command line to view it).

How do I change group permissions?

-access control
-authentication
-authorization
-privilege levels
-user rights
-escalation of privileges
-buffer overflows
-format string attacks
-race conditions